D. Describe how physical geography and territorial size contributes todevolutionary pressures within a country. Basque independence movement: The Basque independence movement is a political movement in the Basque region of Spain and France that seeks independence from Spain and France. Devolution: AP Human Geography Crash Course | Albert.io Regional economic differences 3. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. The process of moving from centralized to decentralized power is called devolution. The creation of new countries has been possible as a result of devolutionary forces. Other physical features that can lead to devolution include deserts and large bodies of water. the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration. Londons decision to join the EU Scottish nationalism and during the 1990s, the Scottish National Party encouraged devolution. The same decentralization that has saved Nigeria thus far has also created many problems: Gold in the north and oil in the south have been the source of conflict since the beginning. The main reason that centralized governments give way to devolution and a decentralized model is because the different regions under the central government have vastly different ethnic, religions and traditional heritages. . After Tito died in 1980, there were years of uncertainty and unrest. Though the ethnic hatreds across Nigeria involving Fulani cannot be understated, it is the pastoralists' encroachment on the former Biafra separatist region in the southeast that is creating the greatest devolutionary threat. For example, countries that have federal systems of government may have more established mechanisms for devolution, while countries with unitary systems may need to adopt new laws or constitutional amendments to enable devolution. Read about devolution in Europe and the UK, reasons for devolution, and devolution vs federalism. When the Labour government of Tony Blair won power in 1997, it pledged to introduce another set of devolution proposals. In the 1990s the three southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Parana elected a leader and demanded independence for the Republic of the Pampas. Physical geography can cause isolation due to natural features. Devolution: the process of decentralization; central governments cede powers to regional governments, usually to grant autonomy, but not full independence, to ethnic nations and other groups with regional territories. Separatism caused by centrifugal force sometimes leads to devolution as the central government ends up giving the separatist group some of its demands to keep the peace. Another example of devolution is Spain. Ethnicity and religion promote economic development in the country by generating national pride in the country's accomplishments. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Each of the members of the United Kingdom wanted to have more individual control over their own country and not be beholden to the laws of England, who they saw as an oppressor. Devolution: What is it and how does it work across the UK? This desire for greater autonomy can lead to protest, and even violence. Religious wars date back centuries. They may have a lot of power, just not governing power. Governments can ban media from broadcasting information, news, websites or other media regarding an ethnic, religious, or political groups who intend to devolve the state or reform the government. Examples of devolution include systems in place in Canada, Spain, Belgium, the UK, and Nigeria. Failed examples included Sudan, the USSR, and Yugoslavia. Babangida, who restored freedom of the press and carried out other measures to reform the system. Forces that Lead to Devolution These areas have some local autonomy because the physical barriers make it difficult for a central government to rule. The strong devolutionary forces that advocate for nation-state status are challenged by the need to belong to a larger union for economic survival. If you chose religion as a centripetal force, you might talk about Hinduism in . Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. The examples in the table show states that gained or lost United States House of Representatives districts based on 2010 census data. And if you travel to Barcelona, it's more likely you'll see the Catalonian flag than the Spanish flag waving from rooftops. All of these tensions and the power vacuum left by Tito opened the door for violence. This time, they went for the US model: a president as head of government and head of state, over the Executive Branch; a Judicial Branch; a Legislative Branch with a bicameral legislature (National Assembly with Senate and House of Representatives). They take advantage of freedoms such as freedom of movement and the press that exist in this democracy and control autonomous areas with up to 1,000 or more fighters in a single group. . Tibet: Tibet is an autonomous region in China with a high degree of self-governance and a unique cultural and religious identity. A classic example of devolution is a group demanding more autonomy from the central government. The term is often used to describe situations where ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences within a country lead to the fragmentation of the state into smaller units. It turns out that you can try a strategy called devolution, and if you do it right, and carefully, through a federal system, you can keep your country whole. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Catalan culture and language, and to give the people of Catalonia more control over their own affairs. The Western Region, already dissolving from infighting, was not happy about this. Create and find flashcards in record time. Catalonia routinely calls for full independence from Spain. Devolutionary strategies have always been favored in Nigeria as a way of allowing all peoples representation while balancing the influences of the most powerful ethnic groups and dealing with several other major factors. The Yugoslav region includes several ethnicities including Serb, Bosniak, Croat, Albanian, and Macedonian - to name a few. For the Free Response section of the AP Human Geography exam, we have included an example from the 2005 AP Human Geography Exam. True or False: Traditional leaders have no power in Nigeria. In September 1997, Scotland and Wales held votes for greater autonomy from London. To ease this tension, the U.K. and Northern Ireland signed the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement. Through the separation of powers, the legislature, executive branch, and judicial branch work together to govern the country at the federal level; states have governors and their own governments. All Rights Reserved 2021 Theme: Prefer by. Iraq: The ongoing conflict in Iraq, including the rise of the Islamic State, is often seen as a result of Balkanization. <p>The high level of economic difference between the regions in Italy acts as a devolutionary force.</p> Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. See the devolution definition and devolution examples. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Corrections? 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The central government may agree to devolution to ensure that a region remains part of the country but stops stirring up trouble. B_" .s 4~7*D^FP:M"}T Zpp`*b~V5x28 NNPf5~6V5C?GCpPP>'.L+}(e*at~*]]f{PfuNa/eW # In Canada, devolution has granted Quebec more . Spains economy could and probably will crash if Catalonia Lee, additionally Spanish culture will be split. This enormously powerful figure promised to restore power to the people in a 3rd Republic in 1993, but it never happened, though a new constitution was drafted. What are the three types of devolutionary forces? Shatterbelt. The dispute over so-called sanctuary cities for undocumented immigrants is but one example of failure to cooperate with federal authorities. Conversely, unitary states are characterized by a strong central government. Federalism is a form of government where the individual regions have control and sovereignty over themselves while still falling under umbrella of the country's political structure. To appease the ethnic groups, then Soviet President Gorbachev, loosened the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe, and at home, he introduced policies of restructuring and openness. They are a Hindu minority who fight for independence from the Sinhalese, a Buddhist majority. Nigeria is far more ethnically diverse than Europe, a continent that is still not united and has escalated its conflicts to the level of world wars. Can you allow people basic freedoms, including voting, and assume they won't use this power to break away anyway? The movement is driven by a desire to protect the French language and culture of Quebec, and to give the people of Quebec more control over their own affairs. The civil wars within former Yugoslavia have cost thousands of lives and destroyed an infrastructure that had taken decades to build. Six of the World's Most Worrisome Disputed Territories It was a communist state, but was not aligned with the Soviets. England has still. The Kashmir area between India and Pakistan can feel isolated because it is separated by the Himalayan and Pir Panjal mountains. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. This discussion on states and boundaries leads us into the main topic of this AP Human Geography study guide, devolution. Most of the worlds 200 states have multicultural populations, so there are many examples of ethno-cultural devolution. This type of dispute is still evident today in the Horn of Africa. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Traditional rulers such as obas, emirs, and sultans do not have governing powers in Nigeria but have enormous influence. In terms of religion, Nigeria has historically had extreme tensions between and among Muslims and Christians, and between both these groups and practitioners of traditional religions. One force at play in devolutionary movements is ethno-cultural in nature. Geographers have called Eastern Europe a shatterbelt. If all the kids live under and follow the same rules, it's called centralized power. Discontent is so extreme that militant Ijaw of the Niger Delta to the West, who have suffered human rights abuses for decades and fought their own guerrilla wars over oil with the federal government, have voiced support for the Igbo. Final Devolution in Nigeria Quiz Question Which of the following is NOT a group seeking to secede from or otherwise separate from Nigeria? The kids living on the main floors don't have an issue because it's easy to either quickly heat or cool their rooms when they get home. Indeed, devolution hasn't stifled the growth of these independent identities. So, what can you expect to be on the AP Human Geography exam? Sub-nationalists are individuals or groups who advocate for greater autonomy or self-determination for a particular region or locality within a country. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? These regions want the power to control their own affairs in a way that makes sense to them. Governments can counter devolutionary groups and democracy movements with pro-government applications, information, news or media. The most famous example of devolution is in the United Kingdom, where Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland exercise authority over their own lands, but remain part of the U.K. Usually, the central government maintains power of things like national security and defense but allows devolved governments to do things like set up courts, make laws, and regulate education. Somalia is in dispute with Ethiopia over the rights of Somalis living in the contested border between the two states. Sometimes devolution occurs because the regions under a central government differ vastly in their political views and values. The movement of power from a central government to regional governments (or subnational governments).