[185][186] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. [121] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. Seven percent were not sure, and 3 percent denied that it happened. The margin of sampling error for the full sample is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; [c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. At Treblinka, to calm the victims, the arrival platform was made to look like a train station, complete with a fake clock. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". [50] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS. [150] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. Similar shares express cold feelings toward Jews among those who overestimate the number of Holocaust deaths (9%) and among those who say they do not know how many Jews died in the Holocaust or decline to answer the question (12%). Copy no. View the list of all donors. [104] Over 43,000 residents died there in 1941. "[281] The gas was then pumped out, and the Sonderkommandowork groups of mostly Jewish prisonerscarried out the bodies, extracted gold fillings, cut off women's hair, and removed jewelry, artificial limbs and glasses. [144] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). Other groups were persecuted for political or ideological reasons, or on the basis of what the Nazi regime considered to be criminal behavior. [83] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. The history of the Jews in France during the Holocaust and the Second World War constitutes a unique and complex chapter in the history of the Holocaust of European Jewry. [151], The German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. An additional 542 respondents were sampled from the Ipsos KnowledgePanel all of them Jewish, Mormon or Hispanic Protestant, to bolster the samples for these subgroups. "[232] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. Holocaust | Definition, Concentration Camps, History, & Facts "[235] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. On the whole it can be said that about 60 percent. Sex with Jewish women was forbidden on grounds of racial disgrace by the Nazis, but rape was not considered a racial disgrace in concentration camps. [326], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died during the Holocaust, while one-in-ten overestimate the death toll, and 15% say that 3 million or fewer Jews were killed. By contrast, more atheists and agnostics than Jews correctly answer the question about how Hitler became chancellor of Germany: Three-quarters of atheists (76%) and seven-in-ten agnostics know Hitler became chancellor through a democratic political process, compared with 57% of Jews. Erie Holocaust Observance & Speaker on Antisemitism. That said, respondents who get more questions right also tend to express warmer feelings toward Jews. [90] More Jews lived in Poland in 1939 than anywhere else in Europe;[4] another 3million lived in the Soviet Union. About 350,000 Polish Jews survived the war; most survivors never lived in Nazi-occupied Poland, but lived in the Soviet-occupied zone of Poland during 1939 and 1940, and fled or were evacuated by the Soviets further east to avoid the German . Forced to retreat on 19 April from the OB and ZW fighters, they returned later that day under the command of SS General Jrgen Stroop (author of the Stroop Report about the uprising). Between 58,000 and 66,260 Jews remained in the country. Through song, words, and candle-lighting, those in the Erie Jewish Community and supporters, memorialized the six million Jewish people murdered during the Holocaust. Seven-in-ten know that the Holocaust happened between 1930 and 1950. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. By comparison, 38% of teens know that approximately 6 million Jews perished in the Holocaust, and just one-third know that Hitler came to power through a democratic process. 1.32 Million Jews Were Killed in Just Three Months During the Holocaust There is no single wartime document that spells out how many people were killed. For example, if a respondent said that the Holocaust refers to the attempted elimination of Jews by Hitler and his followers during World War II, that answer was coded into the annihilation of Jews category but not the Hitler or World War II categories. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, Jewish organizations, and governmental agencies since the 1940s have relied on a variety of different records, such as census reports, captured German and Axis archives, and postwar investigations, to compile these statistics. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. [426][427], West Germany allocated another $125million for reparations in 1988. By fall 1941, most Jews were confined to a ghetto, the largest one in Minsk, where about 70,000 Jews were interned. As Germany marks 1,700 years of Jewish life, DW looks back at key . The four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust also were included in a recent Pew Research Center survey of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. [378] Others died in massacres or in revolts such as the Warsaw Uprising, where 150,000200,000 were killed. [200] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. [364], A 1995 paper published by M. V. Filimoshin, an associate of the Russian Defense Ministry, put the civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany at 13.7million. [183] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. [222] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Fhrer's order.