Solved Question 1 (1 point) Saved Unclick all the other - Chegg A visit to Olympic National Park is an opportunity to witness features of an accretionary wedge as they develop. In doing so the magma is enriched in silica, because high-silica minerals commonly are the first ones to melt. There is strong evidence around the margins of the Atlantic Ocean that this process has taken place before. The park is a complex amalgamation of blocks of continental and oceanic crust that have slammed into North America. Wrangell (left) and Mt. This subduction-subduction-transform (SST) triple junction is referred to hereafter as the NACC triple junction. Roughly 3.2 million square kilometers (1.2 million square miles) in area, the Caribbean. Western Mexico, where the young and small Rivera Plate and the adjacent large Cocos Plate are subducting beneath the North American Plate, is a unique Lake Clark National Park Four-letter codes indicate the ancient volcanic arc parks listed near the top of this page. When rifting of Pangea started at approximately 200 Ma, the fissuring was along a different line from the line of the earlier collision. The Unusual Case of the Mexican Subduction Zone Shasta in California, and other Cascade Volcanoes. The North American Plate . The western part of California (including Los Angeles and part of San Francisco) will split away from the rest of North America, and eventually sail right by the west coast of Vancouver Island, en route to Alaska. In 1989 and 1990, Mt. Expert Answer. At present, North and South America, Europe, and Africa are moving with their respective portions of the Atlantic Ocean. The Philippine Plate, also known as the Philippine Sea Plate, is a small tectonic plate between the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate. St. Helens in 1980. Modified from The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172. At transform boundaries lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. Pillow basalt layers formed more than a mile (1.6 kilometers) below the surface of the ocean are now almost a mile above sea-level on Hurricane Ridge Road in Olympic National Park, Washington. On Dec. 15, 1989 a jet with 244 passengers and crew was en route from Amsterdam to Anchorage. This plate is bound by the North-American and Caribbean Plates to the north-east, the small Rivera Plate to the north-west, the Pacific Plate to the west, Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. As discussed in the context of subduction-related volcanism in Chapter 4, the significant volume of water within the subducting material is released as the subducting crust is heated. Sandstone and shale layers at Kenai Fjords are commonly metamorphosed and were so deformed during subduction and uplift that they are vertical in places. This plate includes the northeastern part of the Atlantic ocean, all of Europe, all of Russia (except its most eastern part), and down through southeast Asia, including China and Indonesia. There will also be continued northerly movement of Australia and Indonesia. Hood in Oregon, Mt. What type of plate boundaries is the Cocos Plate? - WisdomAnswer The Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Philippine Sea plate to the east while the west/northwestern part of the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the continental Eurasian plate. The inset shows these plates to be the Cocos plate and the North American plate. Rainier, a composite volcano rising to over 14,000 feet above sea level in Mt. What type of plate boundary is Antarctic and Australian plate? The Caribbean Plate is a mostly oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the northern coast of South America . The physical landscape was an important component of the practical and spiritual aspects of Native Americans lives. The western boundary is another mid-ocean ridge, the East Pacific Rise. But unlike Mt. Examples of ocean-ocean convergent zones are subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North America Plate south of Alaska (Aleutian Islands) and beneath the Philippine Plate west of the Philippines, subduction of the India Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate south of Indonesia, and subduction of the Atlantic Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Spreading rates vary considerably, from 2 cm/y to 6 cm/y in the Atlantic, to between 12 cm/y and 20 cm/y in the Pacific. Some geological processes act so slowly that we may think of the Earth as rock-solid and unmoving. Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Steven Earle. Sediment that has accumulated on the continental slope is thrust up into an accretionary wedge, and compression leads to thrusting within the continental plate (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)). Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Parks in the Cascadia Subduction Zone dramatically display the two distinct mountain ranges the Coast Range just above where the Juan de Fuca Plate begins to subduct, and the volcanic Cascade Range farther inland, where the top of the plate is deeper. The Caribbean Plate is a mostly oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the north coast of South America. At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, the oceanic plate is pushed under the continental plate in the same manner as at an ocean-ocean boundary. Over time, the San Andreas boundary has grown longer as the Farallon Plate split into two separate platesthe Juan de Fuca Plate on the north, and the Cocos Plate on the south. The fact that the plates include both crustal material and lithospheric mantle material makes it possible for a single plate to be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. The subduction formed a line of volcanoes stretching all the way from Alaska to Central America. 11.2 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics - Physical Geology - 2nd Edition Often it is the older and colder plate that is denser and subducts beneath the younger and hotter plate. Later, most of the settlers coming on the Oregon Trail continued past central Oregon and Washington to the lush farmland of the Willamette Valley and Puget Sound, the low-lying region between the two rising mountain ranges. An example is the San Andreas Fault, which extends from the southern end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge to the northern end of the East Pacific Rise (ridge) in the Gulf of California (Figures 10.28 and 10.29). The mountain is mainly andesite lava flows and volcanic mudflows covered by numerous glaciers. Cocos Plate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The Nazca plate is an oceanic tectonic plate in the southeastern Pacific Ocean that shares both convergent and divergent boundaries, corners multiple triple junctions, contains three seamount chains, overrides four hotspots, and is responsible for the creation of the Andean orogeny (Figure 1). Question: Tectonic Plates Use this map to answer the following questions. NPS photo. A continent-continent collision occurs when a continent or large island that has been moved along with subducting oceanic crust collides with another continent (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). Likewise, individual volcanic eruptions may add only a thin layer to the surface. Redoubt, an active volcano in Lake Clark National Park, illustrates how a volcano can pose an unexpected hazard in our modern age and why monitoring volcanic activity is so important (see photo below). Olympic National Park, Washington By 50 Ma, Australia had separated from Antarctic, and shortly after that, India collided with Asia. This beauty is part of the reason that residents and visitors have learned to tolerate, and develop ways to mitigate, the effects of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptionsbeasts that are consequences of the same tectonic forces that create the regions beauty. WrangellSt. National Park Service Sites in the Southern Alaska Subduction Zone reveal a variety of active volcanic features above the zone where the top of the Pacific Plate reaches sufficient depth where temperature and pressure are high enough to dehydrate rocks and form magma. Where are Puerto Rico and Hispaniola located on the plate? For example, the North American Plate includes most of North America, plus half of the northern Atlantic Ocean. The major plates are Eurasia, Pacific, India, Australia, North America, South America, Africa, and Antarctic. Caribbean Plate | Geology Page This can be demonstrated by stacking the three quarters with California on the bottom, overlain by Oregon and then Washington. A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Find the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate (JF) and the North American Plate (NA). As explained above, most transform faults connect segments of mid-ocean ridges and are thus ocean-ocean plate boundaries (Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\)). Pillow lavas form on the ocean floor where erupting magma encounters cold sea water. The southerly side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic Plate called the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR). This plate is rotating counter clockwise in towards the Pacific plate. Sea lions resting on layers of pillow basalt that formed beneath the ocean and were uplifted as part of the accretionary wedge. 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes As the mid-ocean ridge separating the Farallon and Pacific Plates entered the subduction zone, the Farallon Plate separated into the Juan de Fuca and Cocos Plates. This plate is small. The boundary between the Pacific and North American plates in California is a transform plate boundary marked by the San Andreas strike-slip fault. This affects not only plant and animal communities, but also human habitation and land use. What type of boundary is the Cocos Plate? Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic National Park is an amalgamation of rhyolite lava domes. Now suppose the subduction processes that form the volcanoes were to stop, shutting off the magma supply that feeds the volcanoes. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the Cocos Plate, the Galapagos Rise. Kenai Fjords National Park lies within a coastal mountain range (accretionary wedge) formed as the Pacific Plate subducts beneath southern Alaska. This highly active convergent plate boundary extends along both sides the Philippine Islands, from Luzon in the north to the Celebes Islands in the south. The subducting boundary through Indonesia is not parallel to the biogeographical Wallace line that separates the indigenous fauna of Asia from that of Australasia. What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries? The plates are made up of crust and the lithospheric part of the mantle (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)), and even though they are moving all the time, and in different directions, there is never a significant amount of space between them. Pillow basalts attest to the oceanic origins of the rock layers, as they formed from lava flows that cooled on the ocean floor. More than 40 volcanoes have erupted in Alaska since Russians first arrived in the mid 1700s a great many of the volcanoes are in areas that are now National Park Service sites. Mantle flow in the RiveraCocos subduction zone | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic Summary. A small piece of California, including . CC BY. What type of plate boundary is the Cocos Plate? Where is a divergent plate boundary located? Silica-rich ash melted and coated the hot engine turbines with glass, causing all four of them to shut down. Multiple complex plate boundaries contribute lots of earthquake and volcanic activity in the region. And at times, lower-silica components of their magma chambers erupt, producing basalt lava flows as well as cinders and volcanic bombs. The Nazca plate is a large tectonic plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean near the western coast of South America. If this continues without changing for another couple hundred million years, we will be back to where we started, with one supercontinent. The North American plate is moving to the west-southwest at about 2.3 cm (~1 inch) per year driven by the spreading center that created the Atlantic Ocean, the Mid Atlantic Ridge. This plate includes all of Africa and the surrounding ocean, including the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the surrounding Antarctic Ocean, and the western Indian ocean. Garibaldi to Lassen Peak, coincides with the north-to-south extent of the subducting plate boundary. Examples of ocean-continent convergent boundaries are subduction of the Nazca Plate under South America (which has created the Andes Range) and subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under North America (creating the mountains Garibaldi, Baker, St. Helens, Rainier, Hood, and Shasta, collectively known as the Cascade Range).